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Description

The stasis approach pioneered by Fahnestock and Secor distinguishes among four basic questions that arguments are written to answer:

What is it? (Definition arguments)
How did it get that way? (Causal arguments)
Is it good or bad? (Evaluation arguments)
What should we do about it? (Proposal arguments)

These four questions, now standard in many argument texts, give students a constructive, engaging way to analyze arguments by other writers and to construct their own arguments.

Table of Contents

Part One: Reading and Writing Arguments

1 An Introduction to the Study of Argument

In the Media: "We Encourage You to Vote Today," The Indianapolis Star

An Argument Is Addressed to a Specific Audience at a Particular Time.

An Argument Wants Something from Its Audience.

An Argument Gives Its Audience Reasons for What It Wants.

Not All the Reasons Are Stated Openly.

Arguments Are Also Supported by Calling on Readers’ Attitudes and Feelings.

The Source of an Argument Matters.

A Counter-Argument Is Always in the Background

Expanding Your Definition of Argument

Contexts for Argument

Personal

Interpersonal

Professional

Public

The Rhetorical Situation

Audience

Exigence

Constraints

2: Building the Case: Logos

In the Media: An Ad for Purina One Beef Jerky Strips

Analyzing the Advertisement for Beef Jerky Strips

The Materials of Argument

Building the Logos

One-Part Argument: The Claim Alone

Two-Part Argument: The Enthymeme

Expanding Arguments: Branching Support

Expanding Arguments: Chains of Support

Combining Branching and Chaining

Writing Your Argument: Building an Argument from Claim-Reason Pairs

Expanding the Three-Part Argument: The Full Toulmin Model

Building Arguments with Other Positions in Mind

Writing Your Argument: Taking Account of Other Positions

The Building Blocks of Arguments: Values and Facts

Values

Facts

Using Sources

Visual Rhetoric: Arguing with Images

Robert Samuelson, "The Specter of Global Aging" (Article with photo)

For You to Analyze:

Advertisement for Kleenex Cold Care

Barry R. McCaffrey, "Don’t Legalize Those Drugs"

3 Establishing Credibility and Appealing to Emotion: Ethos and Pathos

In the Media: "While the Children Sleep," A.M. Rosenthal

Analyzing “While the Children Sleep”

Ethos

The Elements of Ethos

Types of Ethos

Pathos

Ethos and Pathos Combine in Identification

Establishing Ethos in Writing

The Intellectual Virtue of Reasonableness

The Overall Effects of Conviction and Moderation

Disclaimers: Don’t Get the Wrong Idea about Me or My Argument

Writing Your Argument: Establishing Your Ethos

Evoking Pathos in Argument

Choosing Words Carefully

Choosing Powerful Examples

Writing Your Argument: Evoking Pathos

Fallacies

Visual Rhetoric: Emotion in Images

Jack Ohman, "Twin Towers" (Political cartoon)

For You to Analyze:

Audrey Rock-Richardson, "Pay Your Own Way! (Then Thank Mom)"

Leonard Pitts, "A Letter to the Terrorists"

For You to Write

4: Generating the Argument: Questions and Claims

In the Media: "Drug Tests Backed for Broader Pool of Students," St. Louis Post-Dispatch

Analyzing “Drug Tests Backed for Broader Pool of Students”

Finding Issues to Argue

Answering Questions with Claims

The Four Basic Questions

The First Question: What Is It?

The Second Question: How Did It Get That Way?

The Third Question: Is It Good or Bad?

The Fourth Question: What Should We Do about It?

Warrants and the Four Basic Questions

Combining the Questions

Finding the Key Questions at Issue

The Basic Questions as a Research Strategy

Writing Your Argument: Using the Basic Questions to Organize Your Research

Reading for Questions:

Kathryn Tolbert, "Japan’s Modern Women Living Single and Loving It"

Josette Shiner, "Crucifix Can Reflect on Good Moral Character of School"

Bonnie Erbe, "It Would Drive Away Students"

For You to Write: A “What’s at Issue” Paper

5 Expressing Appeals: Language and Voice

In the Media: "Subsidizing Illegal Residents," Ward Connerly

Choosing a Voice

Using I or Not Using I

Using You or Not Using You

Dialogue Building with Questions

Using We or Not Using We

Other Ways of Creating and Appealing to Groups

Putting the Opposition in a Group

Using an Impersonal Voice

Writing Your Argument: Finding an Effective Stance

Visual Rhetoric: Visuals Involve the Viewer

"I Want You for the U.S. Army," (Recruiting poster)

For You to Analyze:Shawntelle Santas, "The Face of Welfare"

Patricia J. Williams, "Better Safe . . . ? Diary of a Mad Law Professor"

Part Two: Types of Arguments

6: Definition: What Is It?

In the Media: "Scientists Determine Chimpanzees Have ‘Culture’"

Analyzing “Scientists Determine Chimpanzees Have ‘Culture’”

Definition: Arguing about the Nature of Things

Types of Definition Arguments

Constructing a Definition Argument

Support by Example

Support by Definition

Support by Comparison

Writing Your Own Definition Argument: Answering the Question “What Is It?”

Drafting Your Definition Argument

Reviewing and Revising Your Definition

Writing Suggestions

Visual Rhetoric: Neil Armstrong Walks on the Moon (photo)

Comparison/Contrast Assignment

Readings

Jill Henkel, "Cheerleading: A Sport or an Activity?"

Michael Kelley, "One Vet’s Mission to Set the Record Straight"

E. J. Dionne, "The Myth of the Fading Family"

Richard Keller Simon, Much Ado about Friends: What Pop Culture Offers Literature

7: Causal Argument: How Did It Get That Way?

In the Media: "Harness Fire? Mother Nature Begs to Differ"

Causal Arguments: Determining Why or How Something Happened

Constructing a Causal Argument

Framing Narratives for Causal Analysis

Considering Other Causal Models

Fitting a Narrative to a Purpose

Establishing Causal Relationships

Supporting a Causal Relationship

Other Types of Causal Arguments

Visual Rhetoric: Cause and Effect for the Eye

"Crude Male Death Rate for Lung Cancer in 1950 and Per Capita Consumption of Cigarettes in 1930 in Various Countries" (Line graph)

"20-year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer" (Line graph)

Writing Your Own Causal Argument: Answering the Question “How Did It Get That Way?”

Drafting Your Causal Argument

Reviewing and Revising Your Causal Argument

Writing Suggestions

Readings:

Hinda Gonchor "Spandex Nation"

David Pitt "Beer Taxes Reduce STD Rates"

James Glanz and Eric Lipton, "Expert Report Disputes U.S. on Trade Center Collapse"

Samuel Casey Carter "Successful Inner City Schools Share Common Traits"

8: Evaluation: Is It Good or Bad?

In the Media: "Why Generation X Is Coming Home to Morality," Stacey Felzenberg

Evaluation: Determining the Value of Something

Constructing a Sound Evaluation

Supporting Criteria with a Specific Audience in Mind

Possible Subjects for Evaluation

The Evaluation as Comparison

Superlative Evaluation

Visual Rhetoric: The Eye of a Dying Whale (Photo)

Close-up of the Eye of a Dying Whale (Photo)

Writing Your Own Evaluation: Answering the Question “Is It Good or Bad?”

Drafting Your Evaluation

Reviewing and Revising Your Evaluation\

Writing Suggestions

Readings:

Nicholas D. Kristof, "Harvest the Whales" and Letters to the Editor in Response to "Harvest the Whales"

Des Moines Register Editorial Board, "Leave the Flicks Alone"

Jonathan V. Last, "The Best"

David Ramsay Steele, "Yes, Gambling Is Productive and Rational"

9: Proposals: What Should We Do about It?

In the Media: "Hollywood Simply Can No Longer Abdicate Its Responsibility to Kids"

Analyzing “Hollywood Simply Can No Longer Abdicate Its Responsibility to Kids”

Proposals: Arguing for Action

Convincing an Audience

Constructing a Full Proposal

Preliminary Arguments

Evaluating the Consequences

Proposal Statement

Supporting Arguments

Feasibility: “It Can Be Done”

Anticipating Difficult Questions

Visual Rhetoric: Before and After: The Visual Proposal

Advertisement for Allegra-D (Advertisement)

Writing Your Own Proposal: Answering the Question “What Should We Do about It?”

Drafting Your Proposal

Reviewing and Revising Your Proposal

Writing Suggestions

Readings

Michael Novak, "With Liberty and Prayer for All"

Emily Lesk, "My 60-Second Protest from the Hallway"

John Solomon, "Vote, or Else"

Leon Botstein, "Let Teenagers Try Adulthood"

Part Three: Researching Arguments

10: Finding Sources to Support Your Claim

An Overview of Sources

Primary Sources That Serve as Direct Evidence in Different Fields

Secondary Sources That Offer Analysis, Interpretation, Evaluation, and Commentary

Sources That Help Answer Specific Questions

Locating Sources

Searching for Sources by Keyword

Searching for Library Sources

Searching for Electronic Sources

Evaluating Internet Sources

Web Pages of Interest to Researchers

11: Using Sources to Support Your Claim

Taking Effective Notes

Integrating Sources

Quoting

Paraphrasing

Summarizing

Avoiding Plagiarism

When to Document Your Sources

Citing Sources in Your Paper

Using MLA Style

A Student Paper in MLA Style: "Add a New Clause to the American Society for Interior Designers’ Code of Ethics," Meaghan O’Keefe

Using APA Style

A Student Paper in APA Style: "Manic Depression: A Diagnostic Challenge," Daniel M. Pulver

Part Four: An Anthology of Arguments

12: The Promise and Perils of Globalization

Aaron Lukas, "I Love Global Capitalism--and I’m under 30"

Michelle Martin, "French Food vs. Fast Food"

Amartya Sen, "A World Not Neatly Divided"

Paul Ehrlich, "A New Ethics for a New World"

Stanley Kurtz, "Veil of Fears"

Wole Soyinka, “Beauty and the Beast of Intolerance”

13: The Revolution in Biotechnology

Wesley J. Smith, "Closing in on Cloning"

Virginia I. Postrel, "Fatalist Attraction"

Council for Biotechnology Information, “Growing More Food”

Jeremy Rifkin, "A Personal Note"

George W. Bush, “Remarks by the President on Stem Cell Research”

Francis Fukuyama, “The Political Control of Biotechnology”

14: The Challenge of Dealing with Juvenile Crime

Barbara Lerner, "The Killer Narcissists"

Alfred Blumstein, "Violence by Young People: Why the Deadly Nexus?"

John R. Lion and Jonas R. Rappeport, "They Do What They See: That’s Why We should Tone Down Violent Images"

Lynne Lamberg, "Preventing School Violence: No Easy Answers"

Michael P. Brown, "Juvenile Offenders: Should They Be Tried in Adult Courts?"

Bob Herbert, "Injustice and Ice Cream"

15: The Meaning of Sports in Our Society

Paul Auster, "Where Have All the Young Men Gone?"

Linda Robertson, "Celebration or Exploitation? Women Athletes Pose Question"

George J. Bryjak, "Don’t Call Jocks Sports ‘Heroes’"

Joseph H. Brown, “What Tiger Does Best Is Golf”

S. L. Price, "The Indian Wars"

Andrea Woo, “Polls Apart”

Rebecca L. Adamson, "Mascot Supporters Insult Native Peoples"

16: Public Taste

Jamie Chan, Darren Joe, Jung Ju, “Statement Concerning the Recent Actions of Abercrombie and Fitch”

Elizabeth Austin, "A Small Plea to Delete a Ubiquitous Expletive"

John A. Yahner, “A Parent’s View”

Jenny Leete, “Music Censorship Limits Rights”

Felicity Barringer, "Breaking a Taboo, Editors Turn to Images of Death"

Daniel Harris, "The Kitschification of Sept. 11"

17: The Debate on the Meaning of the First Amendment

The First Ten Amendments to the Constitution

Clarence Page, “Sometimes Freedom Is a Necessary Nuisance”

Julie Bosman, "The (No) Free Speech Movement"

Howard Troxler, "Once Nailed to the Door, Now Shuffled Out of Sight"

Linda Chavez, "The ‘Separation of Church and State’ Myth"

Editorial, St Louis Post-Dispatch "Going Overboard" with Letters to the Editor in Response

Robin Charlow, "Free Speech in the Sky"

New Features

Organization: Part One provides a thorough introduction to the elements of arguments, with chapters on building the case (logos) and establishing credibility and appealing to emotion (ethos and pathos), along with chapters on generating claims and using language in argument. Each of the chapters in Part Two covers one of the four basic issues in argument: definition, cause, value, and policy. Part Three provides two new chapters on research, and Part Four is an anthology of readings on six themes of current interest to students.

Readings: Over 60 new readings on topics of current interest such as globalization, sports, public taste, the First Amendment, and the state of marriage and the family in our society provide compelling examples of how the four types of arguments are developed in real situations on a variety of subjects.

The Toulmin Model and Aristotelian Appeals: A Rhetoric of Argument now includes a thorough explanation of the popular Toulmin model for analyzing arguments, as well as enhanced coverage of the three Aristotelian appeals: logos, ethos, and pathos.

Writing Your Argument: In Part One, Writing Your Argument boxes offer students practical advice on applying the instruction on argument to their own writing. In Part Two, sections on writing your own argument provide students with step-by-step advice for constructing their own arguments.

In the Media: Opening each chapter, these short arguments on a variety of topics, including contemporary public issues, are drawn from newspapers from across the country. Each is followed by a rhetorical analysis focusing on the argumentative strategy that is taught in the chapter.

Visual Rhetoric: Most chapters include a section on analyzing the arguments found in visuals such as photographs, political cartoons, graphs and charts, and advertisements.

Conducting Research: Chapters 10 and 11 include advice on conducting both Internet and library research, as well as documentation models for and sample student papers in both MLA and APA styles

For You to Discover Online: Provided with the readings in Part Two, these activities give students suggestions for online research.

Brief Version Available: An alternate version of this text - without the anthology of arguments - is also available.